In New Zealand, the Maori Language Act 1987 granted an official status to the Māori language, an indigenous language of the country. Te reo is one of New Zealand’s three official languages, alongside English and New Zealand sign language. The indefinite article is used when the base is used indefinitely or nominally. ... New Zealand's new foreign minister tweeted her congratulations in the country's Indigenous language, Māori. Many other languages are used by New Zealand's minority ethnic communities. In the extinct South Island dialects, ng merged with k in many regions. [99], Locative bases can follow the locative particle ki (to, towards) directly, such as runga, above, waho, outside, and placenames (ki Tamaki, to Auckland). Learn and practise Te Reo Māori. Pronouns have singular, dual and plural number. On 28 March 2008, Māori Television launched its second channel, Te Reo, broadcast entirely in the Māori language, with no advertising or subtitles. "Kia ora" (literally "be healthy") is a widely adopted greeting of Māori origin, with the intended meaning of "hello". The Māori Language. Māori (/ ˈ m aʊ r i /; Māori pronunciation: [ˈ m aː ɔ ɾ i] listen), also known as te reo ('the language'), is an Eastern Polynesian language spoken by the Māori people, the indigenous population of New Zealand.Closely related to Cook Islands Māori, Tuamotuan, and Tahitian, it gained recognition as one of New Zealand's official languages in 1987. Within these broad divisions regional variations occur, and individual regions show tribal variations. URL: Biggs, Bruce (1994). [57][58] Most media now use macrons; Stuff websites and newspapers since 2017,[59] TVNZ[60] and NZME websites and newspapers since 2018. Māori Language Act 1987: repealed, on 30 April 2016, by section 48 of Te Ture mō Te Reo Māori 2016/the Māori Language Act 2016 (2016 No 17). The first Māori TV channel, Aotearoa Television Network (ATN) was available to viewers in the Auckland region from 1996 but lasted for only one year. For the television channel, see, The New Oxford American Dictionary (Third Edition); Collins English Dictionary – Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition; Dictionary.com. Thomas Kendall published a book in 1815 entitled A korao no New Zealand, which in modern orthography and usage would be He Kōrero nō Aotearoa. The Māori phrase "kia kaha", "be strong", is frequently encountered as an indication of moral support for someone starting a stressful undertaking or otherwise in a difficult situation. [10] This orthography continues in use, with only two major changes: the addition of wh to distinguish the voiceless bilabial fricative phoneme from the labio-velar phoneme /w/; and the consistent marking of long vowels. Māori are the tangata whenua, the indigenous people, of New Zealand. The Māori language consists of five vowel sounds: Vowels can be long or short. For younger speakers, it is fronted [ʉ] everywhere, as with the corresponding phoneme in New Zealand English. tā tātou karaihe (our class), tō rāua whare (their [dual] house); ā tātou karaihe (our classes). These settlers probably arrived by about AD 1280 (see Māori origins). Kīhai and tē are two negators which may be seen in specific dialects or older texts, but are not widely used. Like all other Polynesian languages, Māori has a rich array of particles, which include verbal particles, pronouns, locative particles, articles and possessives. It started this period as the predominant language of New Zealand. Statistics have not been gathered for the prevalence of different levels of competence. Nevertheless, English is the most widely spoken language in the country, with over 95% of the population using it in their everyday lives, compared with Māori (4.1%) and New Zealand Sign Language (0.5%). While the preceding are all distinct languages, they remain similar enough that Tupaia, a Tahitian travelling with Captain James Cook in 1769–1770, communicated effectively with Māori. 106–122. Biggs proposed that historically there were two major dialect groups, North Island and South Island, and that South Island Māori is extinct. Learning basic Māori greetings (mihi) is a great place to start. Whakahuatanga : Pronunciation [126], Polar questions (yes/no questions) can be made by just changing the intonation of the sentence. [70] With younger speakers, /ai, au/ start with a higher vowel than the [a] of /ae, ao/. Bauer, Winifred; Evans, Te Kareongawai & Parker, William (2001). As a result, many Māori children failed to learn their ancestral language, and generations of non-Māori-speaking Māori emerged.[29]. Syllables in Māori have one of the following forms: V, VV, CV, CVV. [123] Each example of a negative phrase is presented with its analogue positive phrase for comparison. Kohanga reo Māori-immersion kindergartens throughout New Zealand use Māori exclusively. Since about 1990, the Māori Language Commission has promoted new "traditional" sets. The personal nouns do not have the definite or indefinite articles on the proper article unless it is an important part of its name. Many other languages are used by New Zealand's minority ethnic communities. This set of four can be summarised by the notation, (C)V(V), in which the segments in parentheses may or may not be present. The langua… For example, the English fricatives /tʃ/, /dʒ/, and /s/ are replaced by /h/, /f/ becomes /p/, and /l/ becomes /ɾ/ (the /l/ is sometimes retained in the southern dialect, as noted below). New Zealand Sign Language(NZSL) has been an official language since 2006. When used in sentences, statives require different syntax than other verb-like bases. Record enrolment for te reo Māori, foreign languages down 23 Dec, 2020 10:29 PM 4 minutes to read Education Ministry figures for 2020 showed 30,626 studied te … Biggs identifies five types of bases. With the world moving from one place to another the New Zealand 2013 census indicated that at least an additional 35 languages are spoken to some extent. [75] The fact that English ⟨f⟩ gets substituted by ⟨p⟩ and not ⟨wh⟩ in borrowings (for example, English February becomes Pēpuere instead of *Whēpuere) would strongly hint that the Māori did not perceive English /f/ to be the same sound as their ⟨wh⟩. [citation needed], Māori still[update] is a community language in some predominantly-Māori settlements in the Northland, Urewera and East Cape areas. Failure to notify in advance does not preclude the party speaking in Māori, but the court must be adjourned until an interpreter is available and the party may be held liable for the costs of the delay. This percentage has been in decline in recent years, from around a quarter of the population to 21 per cent. Once the Māori language was taught in universities in the 1960s, vowel-length marking was made systematic. Although it's an official language, not many people speak it fluently. Since 2000, the government has altered the official names of several southern place names to the southern dialect forms by replacing ng with k. New Zealand's highest mountain, known for centuries as Aoraki in southern Māori dialects that merge ng with k, and as Aorangi by other Māori, was later named "Mount Cook", in honour of Captain Cook. [46] Even many of those people no longer spoke Māori in their homes. The major differences occur in the pronunciation of words, variation of vocabulary, and idiom. Status: Māori is one of the two official languages of New Zealand, alongside New Zealand sign language (NZSL) – English, although being the majority and dominant language, doesn’t have any official status. Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern—who gave her daughter a Māori middle name—made headlines when she toasted Commonwealth leaders in 2018 with a Māori proverb, and the success of Māori musical groups such as Alien Weaponry and Maimoa further increased the language's presence in social media. "Māori Dialectology and the Settlement of New Zealand" In Sutton (ed.) Our Privacy Policy and Cookie Policy explain how we use your data and who our partners are. Because English stops /p, t, k/ primarily have aspiration, speakers of English often hear the Māori nonaspirated stops as English /b, d, ɡ/. We also use cookies to show you the best of New Zealand on other platforms. There was originally no native writing system for Māori. "Most of the tribal variation in grammar is a matter of preferences: speakers of one area might prefer one grammatical form to another, but are likely on occasion to use the non-preferred form, and at least to recognise and understand it. Benton, R. A. "Does Māori have a closest relative?" The language features the dual pronouns: māua (we two, exc), tāua (we two, inc), kōrua (you two), rāua (they two). Japanese r). Businesses were quick to adopt the trend as it became apparent that using te reo made customers think of a company as "committed to New Zealand". [84] This same elision is found in numerous other southern placenames, such as the two small settlements called The Kaik (from the term for a fishing village, kainga in standard Māori), near Palmerston and Akaroa, and the early spelling of Lake Wakatipu as Wagadib. This survey showed a 62% response saying that te reo Māori was at risk. Likewise, Dunedin's main research library, the Hocken Collections, has the name Uare Taoka o Hākena rather than the northern (standard) Te Whare Taonga o Hākena. The country has taken great steps to honour its Māori … Materials on Maori are included in the open access, This page was last edited on 21 January 2021, at 09:09. Some of these phonemes occupy large spaces in the anatomical vowel triangle (actually a trapezoid) of tongue positions. Current anthropological thinking places their origin in eastern Polynesia, mostly likely from the Southern Cook or Society Islands region, and says that they arrived by deliberate voyages in seagoing canoes[24]—possibly double-hulled, and probably sail-rigged. Bauer 1997: 532 lists seven allophones (variant pronunciations). [6] The language became increasingly heard in the media and in politics. [122] The most common negator is kāhore, which may occur in one of four forms, with the kāo form only being used in response to a question. [35] In 2014, a survey of students ranging in age from 18–24 was conducted; the students were of mixed ethnic backgrounds, ranging from Pākehā to Māori who lived in New Zealand. [90], A phrase spoken in Māori can be broken up into two parts: the “nucleus” or "head" and “periphery” (modifiers, determiners). Māori culture is an integral part of life in New Zealand, influencing everything from cuisine to customs, and language. Only around 9,000 people speak only in Māori. A developed country, New Zealand ranks highly in international comparisons, particularly in education, protection of civil liberties, government transparency, and economic freedom. Similarly, the Māori name for Stewart Island, Rakiura, is cognate with the name of the Canterbury town of Rangiora. [109], Demonstratives occur after the noun and have a deictic function, and include tēnei, this (near me), tēnā, that (near you), tērā, that (far from us both), and taua, the aforementioned (anaphoric). (1994), pp. These ways of hearing have given rise to place-name spellings which are incorrect in Māori, like Tolaga Bay in the North Island and Otago and Waihola in the South Island. The history of the language. Its days of the week have no pre-European equivalent, but reflect the pagan origins of the English names, for example, Hina = moon. Since about 1800, the Māori language has had a tumultuous history. The Māori language is one of the official languages in New Zealand. "The Maori language in New Zealand education". Biggs gives three examples of universals in their passive form: inumia (drunk), tangihia (wept for), and kīa (said). [117], Forming negative phrases in Māori is quite grammatically complex. As more English speakers arrived, it was increasingly confined to Māori communities. In 1817, Tītore and his junior relative, Tui, sailed to England. Sissons, J. The following examples show that vowel length is phonemic in Māori: Māori devised ways to mark vowel length, sporadically at first. Closely related to Cook Islands Māori, Tuamotuan, and Tahitian, it gained recognition as one of New Zealand's official languages in 1987. 106–122. Mātou refers to the speaker and others but not the person or persons spoken to ("I and some others but not you"), and tātou refers to the speaker, the person or persons spoken to and everyone else ("you, I and others"):[111], The possessive pronouns vary according to person, number, clusivity, and possessive class (a class or o class). For official languages, though, not many Kiwis speak either one. New Zealand has three official languages: English, Te Reo Māori, and New Zealand Sign Language. A long vowel is signified with a macron above it. Microsoft and New Zealand’s Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori, or Māori Language Commission, have been working together for years to make … [9] By 1830 the Church Missionary Society (CMS) missionaries had revised the orthography for writing the Māori language; for example, Kiddeekiddee became, as in the modern spelling, Kerikeri. New Zealand English has gained many loanwords from Māori, mainly the names of birds, plants, fishes and places. Noun bases include those bases that can take a definite article, but cannot occur as the nucleus of a verbal phrase; for example: ika (fish) or rākau (tree). Māori writer Hare Hongi (Henry Stowell) used macrons in his Maori-English Tutor and Vade Mecum of 1911,[55] as does Sir Āpirana Ngata (albeit inconsistently) in his Maori Grammar and Conversation (7th printing 1953). [78] Biggs has analysed North Island Māori as comprising a western group and an eastern group with the boundary between them running pretty much along the island's north–south axis.[79]. Legend, Māori has no problem understanding other dialects fluent speaker of Māori in long sentences, statives require syntax. Transformation of education and schooling '' IPA convention petroglyphs ever evolved into a true system of writing their main,! Of verbal particles, as the status and prestige of the Māori language is considered national... 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