The members of the middle class represent about 20 percent of the population. More than 80 percent of cultivated land and almost 65 percent of agricultural households were to be included in a phased process that would consider the type of land and size of holding. One Philippine political analyst told the Washington Post, “Some dynasties have made positive contributions, but by and large the dynastic system in the Philippines has stunted the growth of real democracy. She said she had not been able to find work as an accountant because employers preferred to hire younger people, and she could not afford training to improve her job skills. Philippine concepts about debt repayment and kinship responsibilities plays a major rile in how society structured. The cultural achievements of pre-colonial Philippines include those covered by the prehistory and the early history (900â1521) of the Philippine archipelago's inhabitants, the indigenous forebears of today's Filipino people. Part I: Magellan, Rizal, and Philippine independence by David Johnson and Shmuel Ross B.C. In many cases the landowners create conditions, namely high montage rates, that made peasants feel they have no choice but to lease back land to the landowners under terms that made them worse off than they were before. Critics worry that a single family's stranglehold on different levels of government could stymie checks against abuses and corruption. We inherited the traditions and beliefs of the ones who colonized our country. [Source: Library of Congress *], The Marcos land reform program succeeded in breaking down many of the large haciendas in Central Luzon, a traditional center of agrarian unrest where landed elite and Marcos allies were not as numerous as in other parts of the country. *, Land reform has been a concern since independence. Discover everything Scribd has to offer, including books and audiobooks from major publishers. IBON Foundation. Evolution of Philippine Society A widely cited example is the 2009 massacre of 58 people, including 32 media workers, in an ambush blamed on rivalry between powerful clans in southern Maguindanao province. It is not representative of the broad majority in any place.” Efforts to reduce the hold on power of local families by establishing term limits has meant that families hand over power from one family member to another. Grace Padaca, a former radio commentator, was elected governor of Isabela Province in 2004. However, there are no records of the African pigmy tribesâ medium of communication. Proponents of land reform considered the stock-ownership provision a loophole in the law, and one that many large landowners would probably use. Philippines - Philippines - Cultural life: Philippine society is a unique blend of diversity and homogeneity. *, As a result of economic policies that permitted fruit and logging companies to expand their landholdings, previously formed by tribal people, and to push farther and farther into the mountains to exploit timber resources, upland tribal people have been threatened and dislocated, and the country's rich rain forests have suffered. The Negritos were early settlers but their appearance in the Philippines has not been reliably dated ; and they were followed by speakers of the Malayo-Polynesian languages, a branch of the Austronesian languages, who began to arrive in successive waves beginning about 4000 B.C.E, displacing the earlier arrivals. For this reason, religion was a compulsory subject at all levels â from the primary schools to the universities. The Philippine settlements then were subsistence villages and all the inhabitants ⦠What is it about the Philippines that makes it different from the rest of the world? 44 ⢠Routes of Trade to the Far East 50 ⢠The Countries of the Far East 58 ⢠Restoration of Toscanelliâs Map 69 ⢠Early Spanish Discoveries in the Philippines 77 Filipino society and government tend to ignore their relationships to the area's ecology, disregarding the massive impacts of solid waste, water and air pollution on agriculture and health. Filipinos look at political continuity as merely the transfer of power among family members, Fegan said. She moved into the mansion of the former governor, from the powerful Dy family, thought he had built for himself. “People cannot enjoy the fruits of economic development because of the feudal ownership of the land.” The poor have a deep-seated suspicion of the urban elite, The elite sometimes refer to the poor as mabaho, mangmang and walang pinagaralan (foul-smelling, ignorant and uneducated). [Source: CIA World Factbook]. The middle class is small and the lower middle class much larger. !anî Filipinos li#e. Although their income was sometimes as high as those in regular jobs, they lacked the protection of labor legislation and had no claim to any type of social insurance. But these were generally inland communities; or if they were coastal, they were not located in areas which were good for business pursuits. Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10 percent: 2.6 percent, Landowners thought that it went too far, and peasant organizations complained that the program did not go far enough and that by leaving the details to a landlord-dominated Congress, the program was doomed to failure. The amount of land that could be retained was to be gradually decreased, and a non-land-transfer, profit-sharing program could be used as an alternative to actual land transfer. Text Sources: New York Times, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, Times of London, Lonely Planet Guides, Library of Congress, Philippines Department of Tourism, Compton’s Encyclopedia, The Guardian, National Geographic, Smithsonian magazine, The New Yorker, Time, Newsweek, Reuters, AP, AFP, Wall Street Journal, The Atlantic Monthly, The Economist, Foreign Policy, Wikipedia, BBC, CNN, and various books, websites and other publications. "Wherever you go, you see the names of these people since we were kids. We don't grow like a seed, we split like an amoeba. Getting the last 30 percent was difficult. So Mrs. Cabading earns the equivalent of about $3 a day selling newspapers, pens and gum along the sidewalk in Manila. Political commitment on the part of the government waned rather quickly, after Marcos succeeded in undermining the strength of land elites who had opposed him. 3) The stratification of society into wealthy, poor, and economically deficient is emphasized by the translation of these classes into nobility, free, and slaves. An analyst with Standard and Poor in Singapore told the New York Times. %lose familial ties can also, %atholicism$ the indi)enous inha*itants "ere *elie#er of animism$ or the, accepted easilî *î the inha*itants. Rice farms tended to be smaller; only 9 percent of rice land was on farms as large as ten hectares. Thus, the language trail begins with the Taiwanese aborigines who came to the Philippines more than 6,000 years ago. *^*, According to everyculture.com: Filipinos believe in the need for social acceptance and feel that education can provide upward mobility. Thus, they also look at political competition in terms of rivalry between families. The principal aim of Spain in the Philippines during their regime was to make the native Filipinos obedient and God-fearing Christians. respect to anî*odî re)ardless of race$ culture and *elief. been used to reconstruct the geologic evolution of the Philippine Archipelago. Those connections are of great importance. The family remained the prime unit of social awareness, and ritual kin relations and associations of a patron-client nature still were the basis for social groupings beyond the nuclear family, rather than horizontal ties forged among members of economically based social classes. About half of this group, 2.4 percent, had received titles, referred to as emancipation patents. *. The moment a province becomes populous it disintegrates into two or three smaller provinces. These were ideal places for economic activity to develop. The following is a description of the way of life of pre-colonial Filipinos. The Philippines first emerged as ⦠Hrvoje Hranjski of Associated Press wrote: “Philippine elections have long been dominated by politicians belonging to the same bloodlines. Evolution of Philippine Costume, Tapis admin 2019-08-01T12:25:39-07:00 It is strikingly akin to most basic female garments in the Southeast Asian world, and seems somehow related to the Indian sari. Light coloring is correlated with intelligence and a light-skinned attractive person will receive advancement before his or her colleagues. Cleavages in the society were based primarily on religious (in the case of Muslims versus Christians), sociocultural (in the case of upland tribes versus lowland coastal Filipinos), and urban-rural differences, rather than ethnic or racial considerations. The Evolution of Philippine Society and Culture 2. 8) Women are socially the equals of men. |=|, Ana Maria Tabunda from the independent pollster Pulse Asia said that dynasties restrict democracy, but added that past surveys by her organization have shown that most Filipinos are less concerned about the issue than with the benefits and patronage they can receive from particular candidates. The Katipunan: the secret organization that initiated the revolt Beliefs such as, somethin) durin) pre)nancî> are also present. Some say Philippine society is more like a Latin American society than an Asian one. Of course, if you have no logistics, you can't run for office." The important details of timing, priorities, and minimum legal holdings, however, were left to be determined by the new Congress, the majority of whose members were connected to landed interests. This negative attitude gives rise also to clannishness. Some aspects of the pre-colonial period have survived into our time. The United States also put in place a Congressional system that allowed families to establish local fiefdoms rather than fostering competition through an electoral list system. (2008). highest 10 percent: 33.6 percent (2009 est.). The encomienda of 1604 shows that many affluent and powerful coastal barangays in Sulu, Butuan, Panay, Leyte and Cebu, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Pasig, Laguna, and Cagayan River were flourishing trading centers. Section 107, the material on this site is distributed without profit. Distribution of privately owned lands other than land growing rice and corn, 3,470 hectares, was insignificant not only in absolute terms, but it was also only 2 percent of what had been targeted. [Source: Canadian Center for Intercultural Learning+++], The extremely affluent and politically powerful elite still controls most of Filipino economy, business and political activities. It's a work in progress. Well, for one thing, it is all about their culture. [Source: Wikipedia]. Here are 11 things you should know about Filipino culture that sets them apart from any other nation on the planet. 7) There are no totems, clans, nor any system of exogamy between artificial kin groups. “The Philippines is improving,” she said while waiting for the next customer at her small stand. 27, which contained the specifics of his land reform program. Some of the elite families displaced by the Marcos regime regained wealth and influence, and many of the families enjoying power, privilege, and prestige in the early l990s were not the same as those enjoying similar status a decade earlier. *, Although it would seem that the continued high rate of population growth aggravated the state of the Philippine economy and health care, population growth did not seem to be a major concern of the government. Long before the arrival of the Spaniards, ancientFilipinos were living in scattered barangays and ruledby different chieftains. Its members live in urban areas and, typically, can only meet some of their extend family needs with no social safety net to fall back on. Anything that hurts one’s self-esteem is not allowed because it endangers smooth interpersonal relationships and harmony in society. Politics in the Philippines has been dominated by powerful families for as long as anyone can remember. Philippine Society and Revolution Includes Specific Characteristics of our Peopleâs War Amado Guerrero 3rd edition United States: International Association of Filipino Patriots (IAFP), 1979. Between July 1987 and March 1990, 430,730 hectares were distributed. By 1988 less than 6 percent of all agricultural households had received a certificate of land transfer, indicating that the land they were cultivating had been registered as a land transfer holding. The evolution of the Wikang Pambansa, now known as Filipino, has not remained uneventful, as one finds out from the its historical perspective in the previous section. The Spanish term barrio (abbv. Although geographically part of Southeast Asia, the country is culturally strongly Euro-American. THE FILIPINO WOMAN: A Gendered History Hilton J. Aguja. Arroyo was the daughter of a president. Sharecroppers on holdings of less than seven hectares were to be converted to leaseholders, paying fixed rents. It ended in 1902, where Spain lost and ceded sovereignty of the Philippines to the United States. History of Philippine Cinema INTRODUC TION. Because the family and kinship ties are of the highest value for a Filipino, he would sacrifice his personal integrity, true feeling, and principles to remain in good standing with the kinship group. Coconut farms tended to be somewhat larger; approximately 28 percent of the land planted in coconuts was on farms larger than ten hectares. Reciprocity is of moment. Philippine Culture 1. As of 2002, it had managed to give out about 80 percent of the 10.6 million acres targeted by the plan to 1.8 million peasants. The failure of the Marcos land reform program was a major theme in Aquino's 1986 presidential campaign, and she gave land reform first priority: "Land-to-the-tiller must become a reality, instead of an empty slogan." Originally, the various islands were populated by competing tribes, each with their own king or queen. When she applied for government assistance, she was told that she would need to wait at home as long as two months for a government representative to interview her. [Source: Carlos H. Conde, International Herald Tribune, July 16, 2005 \~/], Political Family Dynasties in the Philippines. In May 1989, the 7,000 tenants of the Aquino family estate, Hacienda Luisita, agreed to take a 33 percent share of the hacienda's corporate stock rather than a portion of the land itself. Many people with college degrees can’t find work. The Filipino could care less for the greater good and welfare of the majority, as long as they do not impact on his clan and community. Peasant groups such as the HUKs (People's Liberation Army, or Hukbong Magpapayang Bayan ) in the 1950s and the NPA (New People's Army) at the present time have resorted to guerrilla tactics to provide land for the poor. As of 1990, however, success had been minimal. Royal decree banishing the Society of Jesus from Spain and the Spanish dominions reaches Manila 1769 July 23 The Society of Jesus in the Philippines is expelled by Raón after receiving a dated later from Charles III's chief minister Don Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea on March 1, 1767. The World Bank mission also was critical of a provision allowing incorporated farm entities to distribute stock to tenants and workers rather than the land itself. The term "barangay" may also colloquially refer to a large group of people. The failure to sepa- rate kindred in the male and female line may be connectible with the same equalizing of the sexes in actual life; or with the want of clans and other artificial exogamic groups which in order to maintain their identity must reckon descent unilaterally; or with both factors. Large amounts of arable land remain in the hand of absentee landowners who were given land grants during the Spanish colonial period. [Source: Library of Congress *], Improvements in the national transportation system and in mass communications in most parts of the archipelago in the 1970s and 1980s tended to reduce ethnolinguistic and regional divisions among lowland Filipinos, who made up more than 90 percent of the population. Development of particular terms or their denotation under the influence of institutions may occur to a greater or less extent, but is constantly liable to distortion by linguistic factors. As of June 1990, the department had utilized only 44 percent of the P14.2 billion allocated to it for the period January 1988-June 1990. Lack of sustained political will, however, as well as landlord resistance, severely limited the impact of the various initiatives. Many local positions and governments are dominated by clans and powerful and wealthy families. According to the plan peasants would receive loans and financial assistance from the government and pay back loans at a discounted rate over 20 years. By learning our history, we would know our origin. The history of the Filipino people and the colonial history of the Philippines are two different topics altogether. Each barangay was headed by the cabeza de barangay (barangay chief), who formed part of the Principalía - the elite ruling class of the municipalities of the Spanish Philippines. In conformity with the country's new Constitution, provisions for "voluntary land sharing" and just compensation were included. The event galvanized the government into action: a land reform commission was formed, and in July 1987, one week before the new Congress convened and her decree-making powers would be curtailed, Aquino proclaimed the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program. 3. Because of this cultural trait to find one’s identity always in relation with the community or group, it is not surprising for a Filipino to always look for levels of connectivity to establish personal and social relationships. *, Philippines Society and Kin System in 1919, In 1919, A. L. Kroeber of The American Museum Of Natural History wrote: “The principles characterizing native society in the Philippines are : 1) A lack of political structure or sense, except where foreign influence, chiefly Mohammedan, is clear. The word barangay originated from balangay, a kind of boat used by a group of Austronesian peoples when they migrated to the Philippines. Spanish and American rule left arable land concentrated in the hands of 2 percent of the population and those owners will not give up their land without compensation. The family and the Catholic church are characterized the main bonding forces in Filipino society (See Family). Filipinos also migrated in substantial numbers to the United States and other countries. [Source: Library of Congress], The members of the middle class in the Philippines represent about 20 percent of the population. When the first Spaniards arrived in the Philippines in the 16th century, they found well-organized independent villages called barangays. They go by that," she said. Most of the ancient barangays were coastal or riverine in nature as most of these early settlers relied on fishing for protein and income. The moment a town grows big it become two towns. Until land reform takes place, poverty will be the nation's primary social problem. (Taga-saan ka sa atin? How Philippines developed as a nation and made its mark as Republic through fighting for independence and wanting to established the Philippines as a nation. A Filipino will still show a happy face even if he is hurting, and refrain from expressing anger, in order not to lose face, displease others and sever one’s ties with the kinship group. Attempts made to provide land, such as the resettlement of Christian farmers in Mindanao in the 1950s, have not provided enough land to resolve the problem. Although nationwide approximately 50 percent of farms in 1980 were less than two hectares, these small farms made up only 16 percent of total farm area. The members of the rich class represent about 10 percent of the population but own or earn about 90 percent of the wealth of the country. Webster ⢠Defines civilization as the advanced state of human society in which a high level of 4. Farms also varied in size based on crops cultivated. But the candidate was quite clear; the land reform would apply to Hacienda Luisita as well as to any other landholding. *, Government claims that in the first three years of implementation the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program met with considerable success were open to question. DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd, 0% found this document useful, Mark this document as useful, 0% found this document not useful, Mark this document as not useful, Save Evolution of Philippine Society For Later, the !alaîs "ho came from the southeastern Asian countrî or "hat, lipinos durin) their tradin) îears. Business with traders from other Countries also meant contact with other cultures and civilizations, such as those of Japan, Han Chinese, Indian people, and Arab people. Evolution of Philippine Society - Free download as Word Doc (.doc / .docx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. *, On June 10, 1988, a year after the proclamation, Congress passed the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law. Government officials, wealthy friends, and community leaders are sponsors at hundreds of weddings and baptisms each year. Family position and patron-client associations are useful in achieving success. Despite government efforts to instill respect for cultural diversity, it remained to be seen whether minorities and the ecosystem they shared would survive the onslaught of powerful economic forces that include the migration of thousands of lowland Filipinos to the frontier areas on Mindanao, as well as the intrusion of corporate extractive industries. *, Especially controversial was the provision that allowed large landowners to transfer a portion of the respective corporation's total assets equivalent in value to that of its land assets, in lieu of the land being subdivided and distributed to tenants and farm laborers. The middle class feels too obligated to those in power to attempt to make societal changes. The Hindi Ibang Tao (“one-of-us”) construct has three domains: 1) Pakikipagpalagayang-loo (act of mutual trust); 2) Pakikisangkot (act of joining others); 3) Pakikipagkaisa (being one with others). The scheme would be attractive, the mission argued, "to those landowners who believed that they would not have to live up to the agreement to transfer the land to the beneficiaries." Institutions probably shape terminologies causally, but in the main by influencing or permitting a logical scheme. Under the law, landowners could either sell their land to the government at prices set by the government or sell it voluntarily, preferably to peasants, and receive a cash bonus. The issue was of some significance inasmuch as one of the largest landholdings in the country was her family's 15,000-hectare Hacienda Luisita. *. The Municipal Council was abolished upon transfer of powers to the barangay system. Environmentalists are concerned because timber is destroyed at random, eliminating the homes of endangered species of plants and animals. Th⦠[Source: Library of Congress *], Criticism of Aquino's plan came from both sides. Mode of Dressing ⢠male attire was composed of the Within the Ibang Tao (“outsider”) construct there are five domains: 1) Pakikitungo: civility (In Confucian ethics, right behavior meant right demeanor towards authorities, parents, and elders); 2) Pakikisalamuha: act of mixing (a social value that is primarily communitarian and Confucian. United States administrators and several Philippine presidential administrations launched land reform programs to maintain social stability in the countryside. The latter subsisted by salvaging material from garbage dumps, begging, occasional paid labor, and peddling. Self- reciprocal terms occur in every language, and in the Philippines as a whole are found in every class of relationships except the parent-child group. According to Legazpi, he found communities with twenty to thirty people only. The transnationals circumvented this restriction, however, by leasing land. Many members of what would be considered the middle class work abroad. The commission was retained, and government efforts to reduce population growth continued but hardly on a scale likely to produce major results. The equality of the sexes is reflected in the paucity of the sex-limited terms of relationship and in the total absence of any terms implying the sex of the ego or person to whom the relationship exists. The richest 20 percent has an income 20 times higher than the poorest 14 percent and 75 percent of the Philippines’s land is owned by 2 percent of the people. Society in philippines Essay Sample. The inability of the Department of Agrarian Reform to spend its budget also indicated implementation difficulties. The original “barangays” were coastal settlements of Malayo-Polynesian people who came to the Philippines archipelago from other places in Southeast Asia. In addition, the following are some of the roles in which history has in learning and studying our own society, culture, and identity: . Filipinos are also by income. This is clear from their position in marriage, descent, and the holding of property. 4ftentimes$ the Baîanihan spirit, n) Filipinos "ould help the *us dri#er in "hate#er actions to, 2 %lose Familî Ties3 Filipinos are "ell'îno"n for the close familî ties. The name barangay originated from balangay, a Malay word meaning "sailboat". By the time of contact with Spaniards, many barangays have developed into large communities. The abolition of monopolistic marketing boards, along with some progress in privatization, has eliminated the economic base of some of Marcos's powerful associates. The organiza- tion of society on a basis of blood is likely to have something to do with the disinclination to distinguish lineal and collateral relatives. Pre-Colonial Culture, was it Indigenious Culture or Civilization? It has been 40 years since the Central Publishing House of the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) first published Philippine Society and Revolution (PSR). There is a small wealthy elite and a multitude of rural poor. A World Bank mission was quite critical of a draft of the land reform program. Kate S. Magpoc 2. At least 250 political families have monopolized power across the country, although such dynasties are prohibited under the 1987 constitution. The division of labor between the sexes is on a physiological rather than a social basis. They also traveled mostly by water up and down rivers, and along the coasts. /=/, There are three social classes in the country based on income and national wealth. Upholstered furniture instead of the traditional wooden couches and beds, rows of electrical appliances that are never used and area rugs are all important. 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