The notable density of artefacts in this one-of-a-kind museum attests to the staggering cultural heritage of Egypt’s first civilization, continuously attracting visitors from all over the world. It is located in the center of downtown near the … complex focused on a madrasa and attendant struc-tures. The Al-Azhar is considered by some as the world's second oldest surviving degree-granting institute. مدارس, madāris, Turkish: Medrese) is the Arabic word for any type of educational institution, whether secular or religious (of any religion). Hassan II Mosque – Casablanca, Morocco How Many Main Doors Are there? Islamic Cairo attractions, Thungs to see & visit in Islamic Cairo, Amr ibn al-A'as , an Arabic leader conquered Egypt in 641 and became the first Arabic leader ruling Egypt, At that time Alexandria was the capital & it was no Cairo. Is Al-Azhar the oldest university in the world? Sultan Qansuh Al-Ghouri was a Mamluk sultan, who had reigned from 1501 to 1516, before dying in a battle against the Ottomans in Aleppo, which resulted in a complete defeat for the Mamluks, due to which they lost their prominence in Egypt.Al-Ghouri spent a fortune on building his complex in Cairo which dates back to 1503. Out of 140 countries around the world, Egypt, according to a report by the World Economic Forum, comes second to last in terms of education, followed by Guinea. The first institute of madrasa education was at the estate of Zaid bin Arkam near a hill called Safa, where Muhammad was the teacher and the students were some of his followers. Masjid al-Sultan Barquq. (0.5 km) Sherborne School. Alexandria University is an urban university that stands among the top Muslim universities in the world. Alexandria, Egypt. #47 Cairo Wikivoyage Cairo is the capital of Egypt and, with a total population of Greater Cairo metropolitan area in excess of 16 million people, one of the largest cities in both Africa and the Middle East. It is the oldest mosque in Egypt as well as the whole of Africa surviving in its full original form, and is the largest mosque in Cairo in terms of land area. The complex is named after Qani Bay al-Sayfi also known as “Al-Rammah” (The Lancer), who was grand master of the horse during the reign of Sultan Ghuri. The university still operates as an academic institution today. alongside the Egyptian students who are studying at al-azhar there are also many others students from various Islamic and European countries, however, the foreign students have exactly the same rights as the Egyptian … The walled city of Tripoli is one of the best preserved Islamic cities in the world. Gymnasium Paulinum. An excavation of hundreds of animal remains at a site along Egypt’s Red Sea coast has revealed the world’s oldest pet cemetery, according to a report. The Mosque of Qani Bay is a mosque situated in Cairo, Egypt. Later, numerous madrasas were established across the Muslim world by the great Seljuk vizier, Nizam al-Mulk. During the medieval period (tenth century) in the Islamic world, a maktab was lower than a madras and often taught in mosques alone, whereas the madrasa meant higher education. Abdul-Samad travelled extensively outside Egypt; in 1961, he recited at the Badshahi Masjid, in Lahore, Pakistan as well as reciting in one of the biggest Tablighi Madrasa's in Bangladesh, the Hathazari Madrasa in Chittagong. This is one of the largest mosques in the world that was built during the mid 14th century to a design that included schools for all four of the Sunni schools of thought. Built between 1356 and 1363 by the Mamluk ruler Sultan Hassan, this is one of the largest Islamic religious buildings in the world. Read more. [citation needed] According to the Encyclopedia of Islam, Al-Azhar was a religious university, a madrasa and center of higher learning. Originally Orascom Construction Industries, Sawiris split the company into two entities in 2015. Madrasa du Sultan Hasan et la mosquée Ar Rifa'i, Citadelle, Le Caire, Égypte (Madrasa of Sultan Hasan and Ar Rifa'i mosque, Citadel, Cairo, Egypt) by Seb & Jen. Established in 1967 as a private university, located in Jeddah, it is ranked as The mosque is surrounded by three Ziyadahs. Higher education as we know it today dates back to Medieval Europe — when the first universities were established. One of the earliest evidence of madrasa education traces back to 859 AD in Morocco’s Jāmiʻat al-Qarawīyīn ( University of Al Quaraouiyine), one of the oldest universities. Other early mentions include Egypt around 959. Constructed during the mid-14th century, the Mosque-Madrassa of Sultan Hassan is one of the largest mosques in the world and is home to some remarkable architectural achievements for its age. (c) Nadia Mounier Giza and Cairo together form a metropolitan region with about 20 million inhabitants. Equally significant is the museum’s 19th century Beaux-Arts architecture, which … A charitable foundation was established here by al-Nasir Muhammad ibn Qalawun for his madrasa. This reveals that the Islamic world was interconnected in the early modern period as they travelled around to other Islamic states exchangi… The mosque is approximately 150 metres in length and covers an area of 7,906 sq. He visited Indonesia (1964/1965 ), Jakarta, and recited the Qur'an in that country's biggest Mosque. In the history of madrasa in the Islamic world, Saladin is given the credit next to Nizam al-Mulk as the greatest builders of madrasa throughout the Islamic history. The Mālikī (Arabic: مَالِكِي) school is one of the four major madhhabs of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam. Al-Hussein Mosque. See more ideas about egypt, cairo, mosque. In the afternoon, he would listen to the petitions of the audience. The Minbar of Sultan Hassan mosque is covered with colored panels … In the ancient cemetery of the desert town of Tarim, in south Yemen, a crowd of young women shrouded in … Cairo is the city of minarets and the home to one of the biggest collection of marvelous mosques, one of which is the Mosque-Madrassa of Sultan Hassan which has a great power to turn heads as it’s known to be one of the most beautiful Islamic structures in the world due to its ability to combine a multiplicity of decorations in the most elegant and magical way. 232. Madrasa is the Arabic word for any type of educational institution, whether secular or religious (of any religion), and whether a school, college or university. Sultan Qaitbay (ruled 1468-96) built a madrasa (a religious school) against one side of the mosque. There are four iwans in the Sultan Hassan mosque and the biggest among them is the Qibla iwan. Some say it was founded by Pope Nicolas … The Mosque-Madrassa of Sultan Hassan is regarded as the finest piece of early-Mamluk architecture era in Cairo, an age of architectural splendour. It’s tallest minaret is 68 meters tall. You can easily plan your itinerary such that you can visit these most extravagant mosques in Egypt. As an architectural structure, the madrasa originated in the eastern part of the Muslim world in the tenth and 11th centuries. 1550–1575. The city produced the ‘ulama of Firangi Mahal, the Sunni seminary of Nadwat al-’Ulama, and the revival and consolidation of a distinctly Indian Shi’ism. The library has a remarkable number of books and manuscripts for around 30,000 and was named among the 100 world’s greatest places in 2018 by Times Magazine. One of the Arab world's most prestigious and oldest universities was also founded by an Arab princess. ... Egypt was built between 1356 and 1363 during the Bahri Mamluk period, ... the most beautiful mosque in Cairo one of the best in the Islamic world the biggest Islamic school at the middle time . "When an Ottoman sultan established a new medrese, he would invite scholars from the Islamic world—for example, Murad IIbrought scholars from Persia, such as ʻAlāʼ al-Dīn and Fakhr al-Dīn who helped enhance the reputation of the Ottoman medrese". Inside the Libyan city’s walls lies a number of iconic buildings, testament to the city’s past as an important area for trade. Ottoman suzerainty is recognized in the areas of present-day Algeria (1555) and Tunisia (1574). It was meant to house some four hundred students. Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, the Vice President and Prime Minister of the UAE and Ruler of Dubai, yesterday launched ‘Madrasa‘, the largest free Arabic e-learning platform. The Sahara is the world’s biggest desert with temperatures often topping 100°F (or exceeding 40°C). Jul 17, 2015 - Explore Sahar Ayoub's board "Mosques in Egypt", followed by 313 people on Pinterest. The main religion thriving here is Islam and you can get to see several mosques which are enriched with history and exotic designs. It is a massive structure measuring some 150 meters long and 36 meters high. For over a millennium, it has been a hugely respected centre of Islamic learning and began as a "madrasa," teaching students from primary to tertiary level. This madrasa lies in the middle of one of the world’s largest architectural heritage complexes. 10. 10 Oldest Schools in the World. The Al Rifa’i Mosque situated in the city of Cairo is one of the leading mosques in … The royal necropolis at Dashur is notable for several of the oldest and best preserved pyramids of Egypt, most prominent of which are the Red Pyramid and the Bent Pyramid. Distance: 1.7 mi. Mohamed Ali built one of Cairo’s most astonishing landmarks that still stands today. Madrasa and mausoleum located in the Bayn al-Qasrayn area of al-Muizz street in Cairo, Egypt. Choose board. I had read a lot about Dharavi, Mumbai's and the world's biggest slum. The largest mosque in the UAE was designed by Syrian architect Yusef Abdelki in 2007 and named after former ruler of Abu Dhabi, the Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan. Story has it that the construction of this complex was a tedious and tragic process. The Ben Yusuf Madrasa (1564–65) in Marrakesh, commissioned by ‘Abdallah al-Ghalib (r. 1557–74), is the largest madrasa in the Maghrib and the only extant example built by the Sa‘did. Nizam al-Mulk was preoccupied with state affairs until noon. The following list of ten oldest universities in the world shows, through their brief histories and trend. The Sultan Hassan Madrassa is the Islamic world's most memorable monument. These holy places in Egypt beckon lots of casual visitors other than the ones with pious leanings. Jul 17, 2015 - Explore Sahar Ayoub's board "Mosques in Egypt", followed by 313 people on Pinterest. Mish Madrasa is situated in the neighbourhood of Saft el-Laban in Giza, Egypt’s third biggest city located southwest of Cairo. "The first Ottoman Medrese was created in İznik in 1331 and most Ottoman medreses followed the traditions of Sunni Islam." Built in the heart of the Fatimid city, it was composed of two separate, self-contained courtyard units, parallel in plan, separated by a passage, and having each two large iwans. Well, then Egypt is the place to visit. The biggest Madrasa is the Hanafiya one that is estimated at about 898 square meters. It was built in 1503-1504/908 AH on a large site on a hill overlooking the hippodrome and the Madrasa-Mosque of Sultan Hasan. The first university in the world was founded by a Muslim woman. The poor state of Egyptian public education impelled the three young men to launch the non-governmental organization Mish Madrasa (“not a school”). Many people visit Al Hussien mosque especially to pray for their needs as it is … #3 Mosque of Ibn Tulun Religious Building Updated: 2020-05-19 The Mosque of Ibn Tulun is located in Cairo, Egypt. The early madrasas are exemplified by the Farjek Madrasa in Bukhara, a tenth-century structure that has not survived, and the 11th-century Nizamiyyeh Madrasa in Khargird, Iran. King Zahir Abu Sa’id Barquq ordered its construction, which began in 786 AH / 1384 AD. Plan of the Sultan Hassan Mosque and Madrasa. The Maliki madhhab is one of the largest groups of Sunni Muslims, comparable to the Shafi`i madhhab in adherents, but smaller than the Hanafi madhhab. This masterpiece Mosque includes madrasa Sultan Hassan (school), congregational mosque, and mausoleum. The mosque, which has space for 22,000 people and also an area for women’s worship, is the biggest one in Africa. University of Valladolid. Al Rifa’i Mosque. It is also the 19th largest city in the world, and among the world's most densely populated cities. During the medieval period (tenth century) in the Islamic world, a maktab was lower than a madras and often taught in mosques alone, whereas the madrasa meant higher education. However, secular sciences, ethics, music, and philosophical studies’ integration into the madrasa came later on during this period. Al Azhar Mosque was the first Islamic University built in Cairo. Bou Inania Madrasa – Fes, Morocco. El-Enany pointed out the mausoleum is one of the most important Islamic monuments in Egypt because it has an ambitious wooden dome considered the largest in Egypt Nevine El-Aref , … Mosque and Madrasa of Sultan Hassan. metres (nearly two acres). But whilst the hottest recorded temperature on Earth was once in El Azizia, Libya at 136.4°F (58°C), the continent also has the other extreme with the coldest temperate in Africa being as low as −11°F (−23.9 °C) in Ifrane, Morocco. The Mosque and Madrasa of Sultan Hasan is one of the largest and architecturally exquisite mosques in all of Egypt. (By: Alaa El Dirini) The Madrasa is a learning institution where the Islamic sciences are taught, such as the modern day college for higher education. The Sultan Hassan Mosque is one of the most Islamic world’s valuable monument. The Al-Azhar University, in Cairo, Egypt, is an Islamic university that was established in 970 in the very same world famous Egyptian city. The founder of this gigantic monument is the Sultan Hassan, son of the great Mamluke Sultan Al-Nasser Mohamed Ibn Qalawoun. Lucknow is world-famous for Islamic learning. Cairo in Egypt, is considered the Egyptian capital and in Arabic is called al-Qahira, which means "the Victorious", is the capital of Egypt, the largest city in the whole of Africa and the Near East and the thirteenth-largest metropolis in the world for size and number of inhabitants (20 million if you consider the entire metropolitan area). Egypt is a sub-Saharan country situated in the north of the African continent. In contemporary India, however, critics lament madrasa education’s obscurantism, decrying its declining ‘usefulness’ in the 21st century. The Madrasa and the Islamization of the Middle East The Case of Egypt* Gary Leiser Considerable scholarly research has been de-voted to the madrasa, or Muslim college of law, which first appeared in the 4th/ 10th century in the eastern regions of the Islamic world and by the middle of the 8th/14th century had reached Spain. Due to the sultan's lavish endowments, the madrasa became one of the prominent academic institutions of the fifteenth century. Al-Azhar Al-Sharif was founded in Cairo, Egypt in 970 AD and despite not gaining university status until 1961, it is still technically among the world’s oldest universities. In fact, the religious spots here remain some of the most popular places to visit in Egypt. This mosque was built between 1356 and 1363, at the time of the Mamluks, commissioned by the Sultan of the same name: El-Nasser Hassan. If the Pyramids of Giza are the most astounding features of Ancient Egypt, Sultan Hassan Madrassa is that of Islamic Egypt. The outside of one of the Madrasas of the Mosque Madrasa of Sultan Hassan in Cairo, Egypt. But whilst the hottest recorded temperature on Earth was once in El Azizia, Libya at 136.4°F (58°C), the continent also has the other extreme with the coldest temperate in Africa being as low as −11°F (−23.9 °C) in Ifrane, Morocco. 6- Mosque of Sultan Hassan. Dubai, UAE: His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Vice President and Prime Minister of the UAE and Ruler of Dubai, today launched ‘Madrasa’, the largest free e-learning platform in the Arab world, a revolutionary new project under the umbrella of the Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum Global Initiatives (MBRGI). The one- or two-story madrasa consists of cells, a mosque, and a lecture hall, built around a rectangular courtyard. While sharing common features, madrasas of different regions differ in their layout and construction. The mosque of Ibn Tulun is completely made up of red building bricks. The Red Pyramid, which is the only smooth sided pyramid in the world, is the only one accessible to the public. #3 Cairo Wikivoyage Cairo is the capital of Egypt and, with a total population of Greater Cairo metropolitan area in excess of 16 million people, one of the largest cities in both Africa and the Middle East. The Mosque-Madrassa of Sultan Hassan is a massive mosque and madrassa located in the Old city of Cairo, it was built during the Mamluk Islamic era in Egypt. Under the Ottoman sultans, Süleyman I (ruled 1520-1566) and Selim II (ruled 1566-74), the complex was heavily renovated. It was constructed around 1,000 years ago and it was the official mosque for Friday prayer (jummah) for many years in Egypt.It was built by the great Fatimid army leader and the builder of Cairo, Gawhar El Seqelly, with the orders of the Fatimid Caliph, Al Mui'z le Din Allah. Al-Azhar Al-Sharif was founded in Cairo, Egypt in 970 AD and despite not gaining university status until 1961, it is still technically among the world’s oldest universities. A school from the Marinid Sultanate era (Berber empire between mid-13th and 15th century). The city produced the ‘ulama of Firangi Mahal, the Sunni seminary of Nadwat al-’Ulama, and the revival and consolidation of a distinctly Indian Shi’ism. The funerary complex of Sultan Qaytbay (Qaitbay, Qaitbey, Qaytbey) is an Islamic complex in Cairo, Egypt, consisting of a kuttab, mosque, and madrasa.It is a 1474 architectural complex in Cairo’s Northern Cemetery created by Sultan al-Ashraf Qaytbay. Founded by Alexander ... and the Madrasa al-Adiliye. Ibn Tulun mosque is the oldest and largest mosque in Egypt, built in the 9th century with the intent of accommodating an entire army and is also a historic mosque in Cairo. Mosque and Madrasa of Sultan Hassan, Cairo. It was founded by Sultan Hassan, son of the great Mamluk Sultan Al Nasser Mohamed Ibn Qalawun. ... and later evolved to become the largest Arab college in the Maghreb. Even though it’s only the 8th-biggest mosque in the world, the temple can accommodate 105,000 people – 25,000 inside and 80,000 in the courtyard. Al Azhar Mosque was the first Islamic University built in Cairo. New!! Castaway Fact The Hasan II Mosque is set on an outcrop extending over the ocean following verse of the Qur’an, asserting that ‘the throne of Allah was built on water’. Sultan Barquq, the founder of the Burji or Circassian Mamluk dynasty, built his complex between 1384 and 1386 in the coveted Bayn al-Qasrayn area. It has plants in Texas, and is building facilities in Iowa. As the giza Pyramids is the stunning of Ancient Pharaonic Egypt, Sultan Hassan Mosque is the one for ancient Islamic Egypt. He visited Indonesia (1964/1965 ), Jakarta, and recited the Qur'an in that country's biggest Mosque. Then came the french occupation between 1798 and 1801, that’s when his descendants ruled Egypt until the 1952 revolution by the free officers. Religious complex in Islamic Cairo, the historic medieval district of Cairo, Egypt. The largest mosque in China today, this historical mosque was … Find this Pin and more on Middle East and Central Asia by Bette. The Mosque-Madrasa (school) of Sultan Hassan ( Sultan Hassan) is a monumental mosque located in the historic district of Cairo, Egypt. Madrasa of Sultan al-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub (1243) First madrasa in Cairo to accommodate the four schools of law. Advertisement. Egypt’s richest businessman, Nassef Sawiris, runs OCI, one of the largest nitrogen fertilizer producers in the world. Like many of the world's oldest existing universities, University of Macerata's origins are debated and vague. It was constructed around 1,000 years ago and it was the official mosque for Friday prayer (jummah) for many years in Egypt.It was built by the great Fatimid army leader and the builder of Cairo, Gawhar El Seqelly, with the orders of the Fatimid Caliph, Al Mui'z le Din Allah. The father of modern Egypt is considered to be Mohammad Ali.In 1805, he established the Khedivate of Egypt and Sudan. Lucknow is world-famous for Islamic learning. The UNESCO World Heritage Site’s most prized ancient monument is the amphitheatre, the third-largest in the Roman world. The Mosque Seems to Have Many Doors. See more » Al Jamiatul Ashrafia. Madrasa (Persian: مدرسة , madrasah, pl. Not a traditional school. THE REQUEST The Al Fatah Al Aleem Mosque, inaugurated on 8 of January 2019, is considered the jewel of the modern Islamic architecture and the most prominent building in the New Administrative Capital of Egypt. As an architectural structure, the madrasa originated in the eastern part of the Muslim world in the tenth and 11th centuries. Its construction began 757 AH/1356 CE with work ending three years later "without even a single day of idleness". Examples include al-Azhar University in Cairo, Egypt (founded in 970) and al-Karaouine in Fes, Morocco (founded in 859). See more ideas about egypt, cairo, mosque. The Bent Pyramid here is unique in having two separate entrances. Distance: 0.3 mi. A 'madrasa' in Kerala refers to institution where children receive basic Arabic language and (Islamic) religious instruction. The so-called 'Arabic Colleges' of Kerala are the equivalent of north Indian madrasas. Pakistan ca. The Sahara is the world’s biggest desert with temperatures often topping 100°F (or exceeding 40°C). : The early madrasas are exemplified by the Farjek Madrasa in Bukhara, a tenth-century structure that has not survived, and the 11th-century Nizamiyyeh Madrasa in Khargird, Iran. It still looks like a madrasa, with its central court- yard, four iwans, and the largest proportion of the qibla iwan used as a prayer hall. 232. Its inauguration took place two years later, in 788 AH / 1386 AD. The biggest evidence that he is a far-sighted scholar is that he discovered Imam Al-Ghazali, one of the most prominent scholars of Islam in history, and appointed him as a professor of this school. So, when you set out to explore the top places to see in Egypt, make sure that the religious places of Egypt are on your list. Saladin contributed in establishing a great number of madrasas in several countries such as Egypt, Palestine, and Syria which became the most important countries in Islamic world. It is also the 19th largest city in the world, and among the world's most densely populated cities. The Darghut Mosque, built in the 16th century is a fine example of Turkish architecture; Turkish colonizers occupied the city for nearly 500 years. (2.7 km) As enormous as this Muslim place of worship is, it is equally elegant. The foundation was commonly known in the fifteenth century as the madrasa of Ibn Abi ’l-Faraj, but was referred to as the Jami֒ al-Banat by the end of the eigh- … It was founded by Malik ibn Anas in the 8th century. (Valladolid, Spain, Founded in 1241) University of Valladolid, Salamanca, Spain and Canary Islands. Dubai, UAE: His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Vice President and Prime Minister of the UAE and Ruler of Dubai, today launched ‘Madrasa’, the largest free e-learning platform in the Arab world, a revolutionary new project under the umbrella of the Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum Global Initiatives (MBRGI). Fri 23 Oct 2009 19.11 EDT. Great Mosque of Xi’an, Xi’an, China. King Abdulaziz University, Saudi ArabiaKing Abdulaziz University started in 1388 H / 1968 G after it’s establishment in 1387 H / 1967 G, it was named after… What is the 10 oldest school in the world? The Theological Faculty of Al-Azhar, referred to as the Ismaili Shia School, was established in 988, and later transformed into a school based on Sunni doctrines. THE REQUEST The Al Fatah Al Aleem Mosque, inaugurated on 8 of January 2019, is considered the jewel of the modern Islamic architecture and the most prominent building in the New Administrative Capital of Egypt. The architect Shihab al Din Ahmad ibn Muhammad al Tuluni, who belonged to a family of court architects and surveyors, was in charge of part of the construction. Commissioned by Sultan al-Zahir Barquq as a school for religious education in the four Islamic schools of thought, composed of a mosque, madrasa, mausoleum and khanqah. Built in the name of the Mamluk sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad ibn Qalawun, but its construction began in 1296 under the reign of Sultan Al-Adil Kitbugha, who was sultan in … Other early mentions include Egypt around 959. Aimed at all levels of school students from kindergarten to grade 12, Madrasa offers 5,000 Arabic educational videos on subjects ranging from science to mathematics. Here is a list of the Top 10 oldest universities in the world which are in continuous operation. It started off… Abdul-Samad travelled extensively outside Egypt; in 1961, he recited at the Badshahi Masjid, in Lahore, Pakistan as well as reciting in one of the biggest Tablighi Madrasa's in Bangladesh, the Hathazari Madrasa in Chittagong. In contemporary India, however, critics lament madrasa education’s obscurantism, decrying its declining ‘usefulness’ in the 21st century. This college, known as the Salahiyya Madrasa, became the most prestigious in Egypt during the Ayyubid period.14 In addition to its size, two features assured that prestige: its location at the grave of al-Shafi{i, and the extraordinary salary that was endowed Al Jamiatul Ashrafia (الجامعۃ اُلاشرفیہ, अल जामियत-उल-अशरफ़िया) is an Islamic seminary of Sunni Muslims in India. From 1269-1517, the Mamluks of Egypt controlled the Hijaz, the highlands in western Arabia where Mecca is located. The name of the madrasa is from Arabic language mean that “place of study” the most famous the Islamic seminary or Islamic colleges of Islamic studies is called AL-Azhar is an educational institute in Cairo, Egypt that founded in 970-972 as a Madrasa. This mosque is also considered one of the largest, not only in Cairo but in the whole Islamic world. Sultan Hassan Mosque was built during the Mamluk Islamic era in Egypt. Madrasas were usually attached to a large mosque. 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Indian madrasas one for Ancient Islamic Egypt Roman world what is the only smooth sided Pyramid the... Sided Pyramid in the tenth and 11th centuries evolved to become the largest nitrogen fertilizer in. Or two-story madrasa consists of cells world biggest madrasa in egypt a Mosque situated in the neighbourhood of Saft el-Laban Giza. In Kerala refers to institution where children receive basic Arabic language and ( Islamic ) instruction.
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