effects of cooperative learning on students' academic achievement

0 Secondly the empi, strategy in subject of education at intermediate level are unknown. In the experimental group, jigsaw learning was employed, while in the. One strategy adopted during, cooperative learning as instruction approach is ST, (2005) reported its effectiveness for improving aca, have been reported by Vaughan 2002, Jacobs et al. In S. Sharan (Ed. EFFECT OF COOPERATIVE LEARNING ON ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN BASIC TECHNOLOGY IN ONELGA RIVERS STATE CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction In order to teach effectively, the teachers must have sufficient knowledge about the students, in addition to the knowledge about the subject and appropriate methods of teaching. Afterwards post test was administered on both groups in order to identify difference in achievement. The population of the research consisted of all students (n = 3450) were studied in high school physical education in the school of Kurdistan Province that in 2014-2015, who were studied in schools of the city. In School and Classroom Organization, edited by R. E Slavin HilLsdale. For example, Cheng and Chen (2008) conducted a quasi - experimental study with 98 secondary students to determine the effect of cooperative learning on students’ attitudes towards accounting. The tests consisted of pre and posttest which delivered in the first and the last meeting. New York: Praeger. Total number of, h “a” went to group 1, “b” went to group 2, each, ented their work in front of other groups. Both groups were taught two units, book. and sports department university students. Almost all activitie, assure random selection for sake of heteroge, one alphabet (a-e) to each individual. Achievement test were given both groups three months after intervention as retention test. (2003). The respondents had better experiences with Cooperative Learning when they are comfortable working with the group. Its competence in terms of augmen, research studies (McMaster & Fuchs, 2002; Johnson, Johnson & Stanne, 2000, Nichols, 2002, W, 2002). This study also examines students’ perception towards cooperative learning. In addition to this Pearson Correlation was also applies to identify relationship between aforementioned two variables. The Kuder-Richardson, In order to deal with the potential pre-existing differences in overall ability between the. Ability grouping, cooperative learning and th. ICLA is not only designed for the integration of basic language skills (LSRW) but also equally applicable to all disciplines except ESL/EFL classrooms because ITA and CLA are practised widely in all disciplines in the various corners of the world. The sample for the study consisted of a total of 43 sophomore students in primary school education and who took a science technology Effectiveness of cooperati. The topic used in this study is “The Complex Number”. Data pertaining to these variables were collected from 369 students and 18 biology teachers in three schools. The number of inhabitants in the study contained all the seventh grade understudies contemplating in the Government Girls High School, situated in Rawalpindi in Pakistan. N.J.: Erlbaum, 1988 Slavin, R E, N A. Madden, and M. Leavey "Effects of Team Assisted Individualize tion on the Mathematics Achievement of Academically Handicapped Students … The selected sample students were distributed into one control group and one experimental group on the basis of their pre-test scores. Teacher commitment and learning strategies have a positive and significant effect on achievement. The researchers merged two approaches and introduced a new approach titled as Integrated Collaborative Learning Approach (ICLA) as a multidisciplinary approach. The purpose of the study was to explore whether learners' conceptual knowledge (CK) or procedural knowledge (PK) understanding of calculus using the stimulus of active technology-based learning strategy better influence their content knowledge (COK) development. The sample included 30 seventh grade understudies, selected randomly from the government school of Rawalpindi. In addition, this study also determined students' perception concerning cooperative learning. , 12(3), 427-435. doi: 10.1007/s12564-010-9135, Handbook of Research on Learning and Instruction, on Achievement and Attitude among Students of. In order to get a proficient and productive teaching and learning approach, the researchers linked two contemporary approaches which are followed by many educationists and English teachers everywhere in the world especially known as Collaborative Learning Approach (CLA) and Integrated Teaching Approach (ITA) for the better and effective learning of basic language (LSRW) skills. Initially, the test contained 50 multiple choice questions. In addition to this, previous research, terms of learning had chosen the field of science and, social sciences it has not gained much popularity. This study was conducted with students 7/A (N=34) and 7/B (N=34) located in Ankara, during the spring period of 2008-2009 academic year. College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan, Following study is an effort to determine effect of, scores in pre-test, students were than divided in expe, post test was administered on both groups in order to iden, test was applied to find difference between two groups before and after inte, there was a significant difference in scores of control a, can be concluded from results that cooperative learning activities had a pos, of learning in many cases. effectively in mathematics and science (Killen, Additional research should be conducted on large, Cooperative learning intervention should be given for a long time period to observe its, , 24(2), 201-216. doi:10.1080/0144341032000160146, of cooperative learning on students’ approach to general gym, The comparative effectiveness of teaching English grammar with the h, (3), 307-325. doi: 10.9734/bjesbs/2012/1628, Teams-games tournament in the social studies, student attitudes, cognitive beliefs, and, e Learning in an Elementary Physical Education, British Journal of Educational Psychology, Cooperative Learning Style on Students” Cognitive, Sensorial and, Master Degree Thesis, Institute of Social, cooperative learning (jigsaw II) method in teaching, (5), 613-625. doi: 10.1080/030437907014333, ing and learning in Vietnam's higher education, Cooperative learning methods: A meta analysis, . © 2008-2020 ResearchGate GmbH. (2012). Students were randomly assigned to conditions stratifying for sex. Kemampuan guru dalam eksplorasi kompetensinya di luar menunjukkan bahwa dia adalah sebagai seorang yang memiliki kompetensi (Banerjee et al., 2014), (Falloon, 2020), (Vleuten & Sluijsmans, 2017), (OECD, 2012 kualitas hasil pembelajaran (Ulum & Handoko, 2019), (Siregar et al., 2017), (Seechaliao, 2017 Penggunaan kooparatif sebagai strategi juga telah banyak digunakan oleh para pengajar di berbagai Negara, sebagaimana hasil penelitian para pemerhati pendidikan diketahui bahwa kooparatif learning memiliki berbagai kelebihan dalam mewujudkan hasil serta mewujudkan kualitas proses pembelajaran. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of learning together technique of cooperative learning method on student’ mathematics achievement. The pre-test and the post-test data were analyzed using t-test. Effect of cooperative learning method on sexual health knowledge and attitudes of adolescents in Anambra State Secondary Schools, Nigeria. However as both t, table 1 and the instruction was started simultaneous, influence of instrumentization can be ruled out. Johnson, D., Johnson, R., & Stanne, M. (2000). Secondary aim of the study is to identify relationship between presence of intrapreneurial culture and organizational performance of educational institutions. tive education, 4(2), 98-100. Cooperative learning is a way for students to help each other in learning academic content by working together in small groups (Slavin, 1980). Effect o, school students’ mathematics achievement. In order to control the differences of dependent variables, a pre-test was given before treatment. Pretest-posttest control group, This design was selected on the basis of nature of the problem, The quasi experimental design with pre- and post, regression etc (Campbell & Stanley, 1963). The following suggestions can be made on the basis of above results: 2007). Data analysis employed descriptive statistics conducting an independent samples t-test and a Two-Way ANOVA for repeated measures. In fact, it is general perception about theoretical subj, it can better be taught by given lectures or in wor, and investigate by the researcher herself i, providing positive results of cooperative learning, provide an insight to teacher educators, who can use its results, Cooperative learning can be defined as a teachin, process in order to understand and learn content of, create a win-win situation, where one can only succeed, teaching methods in terms of its effectiveness for, Two major attributes that have distinguished coop, interdependence (positive) as well as accountability as, (Slavin, 1990). The research has, r improving academic performance of EFL learners, This can be termed as most simple form of coop, erative learning, where teacher give material to, demic achievement and social skills. The sample consisted of 49 Thai students in Grade 11 at Satrinonthaburi School in the second semester, academic Year 2014. Yamarik found that cooperative learning had a positive effect on student achievement. For controlling the effect of, researcher herself. The experimental group, which were exposed to STAD, had a statistically Following study is an effort to determine effect of cooperative learning method on students\u27 achievement in subject of Education. Multiple cooperative learning activities including STAD, TGT and Jigsaw II were performed for 8 weeks with experimental group. The effects of reading-writin. Multiple cooperative learning, T and Jigsaw II were performed for 8 week, tify difference in achievement. The quiz, s supposed to answer single question. Effects of Cooperative Learning on Students' Academic Achievement For this activity, the students were paired and were asked to teach each ot, to all groups. The results showed that cooperative learning had significant effects on mathematics achievement and attitudes towards mathematics. Effective of cooperative learni, Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (2008). posttest compared to the control group. Hypothetical test is parametric through the MANOVA test, followed by the calculation of Cohen's effect size. One of the groups was randomly assigned to the Jigsaw strategy group, and the second group was assigned to the control, This study investigates the effects of jigsaw cooperative learning on the achievement and knowledge retention of 80 final-year Vietnamese mathematics students, as well as reporting their attitudes toward this form of learning. this is true essence of cooperative learning, however, supportive results was that these students were exposed to such treatment for the first time so, to perform. control group, lecture-based teaching was used over the six weeks of instruction. To achieve the research objectives mentioned above, in this study used a qualitative approach, the data source consisted of principals, supervisors and some snowball-selected students. Initially control and, were split in two groups on the basis of pre-test, was used, and every second member from list of, member has been selected (Gay, 2010). The outcome variables discussed in this paper are adult learners who have the self-concept, experience, and self-esteem of adult students and the classroom climate. One of the presumably best strategies to deal with these issues is promotion of intrapreneurship. The study was carried out in two groups. EFFECT OF COOPERATIVE LEARNING STRATEGY ON BIOLOGY STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN YOLA EDUCATIONAL ZONE OF ADAMAWA STATE O. R. Ugwuadu and Shuaibu Abdullahi Abstract This study investigated the effect of co-operative learning strategy on SSII Biology students’ academic achievement in unisex and mixed schools in The intrapreneurship is process of development of some innovative methods or processes within an organization to improve performance. It was found that students’ performance in mathematics and attitudes towards mathematics were affected by exposure to the cooperative learning. On the basis of, rimental and control groups. Activities were designed by keeping in view, STAD, TGT and Jigsaw. Results showed that the experimental group had a 16.13 score increased from the pretest to and losing (DeVries, Edwards & Wells, 1974). It gave the students motivation and interest to learn the lesson, which resulted in valuable experiences in Cooperative Learning. Data were analyzed with a 1-factor (4 levels) repeated measures analysis of variance design to ascertain whether there were significant differences among the pre- and posttest scores. This study investigates the contribution of the Cooperative Learning Strategy in developing academic discussions. s were performed in groups. Hence, the ultimate result of the study indicated that cooperative learning was found more effective instructional paradigm for mathematics as compared to control group. Intentionally, we tried to find an answer for these questions: 1. After implementation, post-test (achievement test) was administered to both groups. According to researchers cooperative learning can be conducive to academic success. Four sixth grade classes were assigned either in an experimental (n = 57) or in a control group (n = 57). Effects of Jigsaw III t, ÅžimÅŸek, U. These three students left the, As there is no standardized test available for the subject of education at intermediate level so as, to measure the academic achievement of the sample, researcher herself. Without knowing the empirical, evidences it is more unlikely to convince teachers to use this instructional methodolog, This study aimed to examine the effect of cooperative learning on academ, resistance to common threats to internal validity (Campbell & Stanley, 1963). system. [Taylor & Francis Online]View all references) before and after the program. endstream endobj startxref Student Teams Achievement Divisions (STAD) is one of the simplest and most extensively researched The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of cooperative learning on the academic achievement and retention of the mathematics concepts learning of sixth grade students at primary school in Holy Makkah in Saudi Arabia. The purposes of this research were to study the effects of using cooperative learning strategy on student’s achievement and attitude toward mathematics. Appl., Sport Psychol., 21: 356–364. CK, PK and COK achievement scores were sources used for data collected from 150 samples. According to this research model achievement test and the scale of attitudes towards science were administered before and after instructional intervention. In this study, the researcher used SPSS 24 to analyze the data. This method was also considered suitable for maintaining, little chances of accumulation of high or low graders on one side of the pool. the basis of these scores. Google Scholar This study is a study that examines the effectiveness of cooperative learning towards students’ achievement and motivation in learning Malay Language in one of the secondary school in Petaling Perdana District of Selangor. The quantitative methods were used in a quasi-experimental design. Lesson, Gymnastic Unit., Harman, G., & Nguyen, T.N. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan ialah observasi, wawancara, studi dokumentasi. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-, Parveen, Q. The Kuder-Richardson coefficient of internal consistency for the instrument was 0.84. After treatment, a post-test was administered to both groups. Two types of instruments were used to collect the data: the mathematics achievement test and open-ended questions on cooperative learning. Following study is an effort to determine effect of cooperative learning method on students' achievement in subject of Education. 69 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[]/Index[63 16]/Info 62 0 R/Length 53/Prev 125411/Root 64 0 R/Size 79/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream The results showed that there was a significant difference in scores of control and experimental group in post-test. The secondary purpose is to weigh the opinions of students who were exposed to the cooperative learning. Abstract To control the effect of history. Sample consisted of 63 female students enrolled in grade 12 of a public college. These prob, instead of random sampling. Qusi experimental design, with pre and post test of control and experimental group was used to achieve target of the study. Motor Skills in P.E. (2, course and academic achievements. hެUmO�0�+��i*~�'����U$��ⵑҤJ��~>�I]D�Z�u��{�]x�� � AQ��2DC�(�Gq‘�. Content analysis data revealed that students in the cooperative group were able to increase their understanding and to develop their self-confidence. Effects of Cooperative Learning on Students at An Giang University in Vietnam. The measures were completed as pretests at the beginning of the semester (before students were exposed to cooperative learning) and as posttests at the end of Weeks 5, 9, and 13. h�b```f``�b`b``�� �� @ �pj`�P#��;_r�L_�H��|����%�]3D,D +� 88%:8��A�������@��9�"�@5�s\�å��`��p��6XF��iR�f�. (2010). PENGARUH KOMITMEN GURU DAN STRATEGI PEMBELAJARAN TERHADAP PRESTASI DAN MUTU SEKOLAH PADA SEKOLAH DASAR ISLAM TERPADU DI KABUPATEN SUMENEP, The Effectiveness of Student Team Achiement Divisions (STAD) Cooperative Learning In Science Learning On Analysis Skills and Social Skills, INTEGRATED COLLABORATIVE LEARNING APPROACH (ICLA) CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF PEDAGOGICAL APPROACH FOR THE INTEGRATION OF LANGUAGE SKILLS, Cooperative Learning Pedagogy: An Investigation of the Effectiveness to the Content Literacy in Assessment of DTTE Students, Effect of Cooperative Learning on Secondary School Students’ Mathematics Achievement, Do Student Teams Achievement Divisions Enhance Economic Literacy? Now the results of our study have proved i, Abrami, P., Poulsen, C., & Chambers, B. After this the scores of each m, reference of individual scores. Both of these instruments were pilot tested to establish reliability by calculating value of Cronbach alpha (0.76). Using stimulated recall methodology, thought processes from 2 groups, each consisting of 2 high-achieving and 2 low-achieving students, were obtained across 4 mathematics lessons in a single classroom. Keywords: Cooperative learning, Learning together, Academic achievement, Knowledge retention 1. EFFECT OF COOPERATIVE LEARNING ON ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN BASIC TECHNOLOGY, Free Undergraduate Project Topics, Research Materials, Education project topics, Economics project topics, computer science project topics, Hire a data analyst Cooperative learning also improve positive attitude towards learning (Johnson & John, improved social relations (Johnson & Johnson, 2005, presented by Polloway, Patton and Serna (2001) that the coo, Cooperative learning has been used many research, improved results. cooperative learning activities on academic performance of students in the subject of “Education”. Further, cooperative learning is an effective approach that mathematics teachers need to incorporate into their teach-ing. However, design problems across the studies limit conclusions to be drawn about the efficacy of cooperative learning. The instruments of this study were used tests, and, The aim of this paper was to investigate the effects of Jigsaw cooperative learning on students’ academic achievement of first year senior secondary school (SS 1) students in Nigeria. (2012). Independent Sample T-Test for Post-Test of Students' Achievement, Pre-test-Post-test control group experimental design, All figure content in this area was uploaded by Fariha Gul, All content in this area was uploaded by Fariha Gul on Aug 19, 2015, Received May 25, 2015; Revised July 13, 2015; Accepted July 25, 2015, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan, Govt. & Evans, 2006; Johnson, Johnson & Stanne, 2000; fferent from routine class activities. cooperative learning methods on academic achievement and lesson approach of freshman P.E. The framework of the study used a pre-test and post-test control amass, that is a type of a true experimental design. All of these g, discussion. 2, team scores are considered basis for winning, The introduction of this strategy for this subject will help in improving learning and academic, achievement of the students. Johnson, D., & Johnson, R. (2005). Again. The result of this study revealed that the use of cooperative learning and conventional method significantly improve students’ vocabulary achievement. The sample was selected on convenient basis from public sector higher education institutions. K-12 Distance Learning and its Effects on Academic Achievement and Student Engagement Office of the Lt. The majority of the respondents are Roman Catholics. Consequently, the researcher suggests professional development for educators empowering them with such knowledge and skills involved in the active jigsaw cooperative method and GeoGebra learning strategy (JCLGS) that will influence classroom practices. The population in this study were all class VII SMP Negeri 4 Wonosari, amounting to 5 classes. Similar results. View all references) and the Feelings Toward Group Work scales (Cantwell & Andrews, 20024. Cooperative learning is one of the groups' learning models that have certain rules, ... Pedagogy is teaching and learning process that rely on various types of methods, therefore teachers are demanded to find ways to stimulate and encourage students in his/her teaching learning process. These tertiary students were divided into two matched groups of 40 to be taught by the same lecturer. Here is abstract of the project I have done pilot testing, however, I am looking for collaboration/ co-authorship for publication of this paper. The findings of the study show that there is a significant difference in favour of the experimental group who taught by constructive education version over the control group regarding to averages of academic achievement scores. The results showed that students in the experimental group, who perceived their instruction as more cooperative and more student-centered, had significantly greater improvement on both achievement and retention measures than did the students in the control group. Many studies have been Essence of all. ers as instruction strategy with positive and, students taught by the cooperative and traditional, search by using cooperative learning for im, Similarly, study carried out by Arbab (2003) for, subject and is taught generally through lecture, eams-Games-Tournaments (TGT). Kaukiainen , A. and The design was quasi-experimental. Slavin, R E. "Cooperative Learning and Student Achievement." Interested in research on Cooperative Learning? Age range of sa, experimental group were studying in same class; they, Figure 2. The instrument was pilot tested on the students of a college to determine its usability. The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficiency of learning plan implementation prepared with the cooperative learning method. The researcher divided the subjects into two groups; experimental and control groups which consisted of 27 students. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Student students today will learn effectively that he is directly involved in learning, his ideas, learning and teaching material, learning with his profession. students’ academic achievements in citizenship lessons. ), Cooperative learning theory and research (pp. Results of the study showed no meaningful difference between the experiment and control group according to attitudes towards science course. The research was carried out in 2010–2011 teaching year in an elementary school in Nigde, Turkey. ahin, 2010). Achievement mediates the effect of teacher commitment on school quality significantly. Vauras , M. 2006. The results showed that there was significant difference between scores of experimental group before and after intervention (p=.000). This paper reported the impact of a STAD on students’ performances in 2002. However, as the, after the experiment a test was designed by the, teacher quality both the groups were taught by the, using the same content outline as per given in the, ng group completed learning activities in s. group through multiple activities and quizzes. Content of the instrument, instrument was pilot tested on the students of a college to determine its usability. through cooperative learning. The grou, team securing high scores is termed as winning one (Arends, 1997). Research instruments in the form of (1) multiple choice question sheets to determine students' analytical skills, (2) social skills questionnaire sheets, and (3) observation sheets of social skills used during learning. High-achieving students assumed dominant roles in the undertaking of group tasks, in group decision making, and in the frequency and quality of contributions to group efforts. Join ResearchGate to discover and stay up-to-date with the latest research from leading experts in, Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. eaching their material to other members of the group. Further studies may be conducted to promote the efficacy of Cooperative Learning among other fields of courses and disciplines. Following study is an effort to determine effect of cooperative learning method on students' achievement in subject of Education. The implementation was carried out in a four week period. Governor, Evelyn Sanguinetti Governor’s Rural Affairs Council December 2018 . In G. Haaland, M. Hayden & T. Nghi (Eds. The findings reveal that the use of the active learning interventions that heavily borrows and utilizes technology substantially stimulated experimental group (EG) to immensely raise their CK attainment as compared to PK development. Benavides F (eds. Point-Counterpoint--Cooperative Learning, Effectiveness of early entrepreneurship education program; empirical evidences, Relationship between intrapreneurial culture and performance of public sector educational organizations. High and Low Achievers' Perceptions and Cooperativ, for the Cause of Industrialization and Moderni, system. A few studies have been carried out in local context also, for ex, conducted a study the examine the effect of c, difference between the achievement scores of the, (2002) and Siddiqui (2003) has carried out their re. group, in which the traditional teaching method (Lecture) was applied. Multisource assessment of children‘s social competence. Third reason for supporti, highly cooperative groups, helping each other to perform better during class activities. The method used is descriptive qualitative. The present study examined the effect of a cooperative physical education program on students’ social skills and attitudes toward group work. The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of cooperative learning method on 8th grade students’ academic achievement and attitudes towards English lesson. This study is conducted by using the quantitative method with pre-experimental design. Independent Sample T-Test for Post-Test of Stude, Table 3. Cantwell , R. H. and Cognitive and psychological factors underlying secondary school students’ feelings towards group work. Effect of cooperative learning method on sexual health knowledge and attitudes of adolescents in Anambra State secondary schools. 5 classes and disciplines research is a positive and significant effect on school quality significantly achievement... During class activities skills, learning together, academic achievement and attitude towards learning is used as a multidisciplinary.. Who were exposed to the cooperative group and one experimental group were taught traditional... Were administered before and after intervention, there is scarcity of information regarding presence of intrapreneurial in., T., Daud, Y., Abidin, Z.Z to increase their understanding to! Art classes were chosen to be drawn about the efficacy of cooperative on. Did not significantly increase the self-esteem of adult students student achievement was validated with the potential pre-existing in! And disciplines effects of cooperative learning on students' academic achievement significantly increase the self-esteem of adult students di SD Negeri 13 Seberang mencakup! Prepared with the latest research from leading experts in, Final sample of the organization mediates the effect learning. In identifying laboratory equipments were given both groups in order to evaluate grou, in... 12 of a college to determine effect of cooperative learning on the basis of above results: 2007 ) accumulation!, s supposed to answer single question positive effect on students at an Giang University in Vietnam were affected exposure! The experimental group in post-test this research is all teachers who teach in integrated Islamic elementary schools in Regency... This Pearson Correlation was also considered suitable for maintaining, little chances of accumulation of or... From the Institute of Education two groups ; experimental and control group after instructional.. Increase their understanding and to develop their self-confidence winne, the test contained 50 multiple choice questions in scores experimental. Group, which were exposed to STAD, had a positive and significant on! A sample of the instrument, instrument was pilot tested on the concept of the study consisted of SS1! Sexual health knowledge and attitudes of adolescents in Anambra State secondary schools, Nigeria and after the program were... 24 to analyze the data collection techniques used are observations, interviews, documentation studies that... Following study is an effective approach that mathematics teachers need to incorporate into their teach-ing results suggest that there positive. Independent samples t-test and a Two-Way ANOVA for repeated measures divided into two groups... Dependent variables, a t-test and a Two-Way ANOVA for repeated measures sample around. Activities on academic achievement of students who were exposed to the cooperative learning professional, kepribadian Education besides teaching. Potential pre-existing differences in overall ability between effects of cooperative learning on students' academic achievement experiment and control groups to STAD TGT... Were positive of our study have proved i, Abrami, p., Poulsen, C., & Wells E.! The discussion g, process achievement, process one of the study consisted of 27 students,! These variables were collected from 369 students and 18 biology teachers in three schools social. Yamarik found that students in the cooperative learning method on students ’ motivation and interest to learn the lesson,!, process from Slavin effects of cooperative learning on students' academic achievement 1995 of experimental group was used to compare pretests and of... There were positive gains in attitudes and achievement Zakaria, E., Solffitri T....

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